A venue to express opinions and views on social issues, native customary rights land, cultures and traditions of the Dayak community as well as to voice out the problems and grievances of the indigenous and rural communities.
Tuesday, 24 April 2012
Sit-in protest in Kuching on April 28, PKR Wanita says the EC has failed
Kuching, April 24, 2012: Besides Dataran Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur, sit-in rally organised by a Coalition of Non-Govermental Organisations (Bersih 3.0) is going to be held at the Kuching Waterfront and the Old Court House carpark this Saturday.
It is scheduled to start at 2pm on April 28, 2012.
PKR Wanita vice head Voon Shiak Ni told reporters today that a lot of people are unaware that the sit-in protest to demand for electoral reforms is going to be held in Kuching.
"When we distributed the yellow pamphlets, they (people) asked us about the sit-in protest at Dataran Mederka," she said.
Voon urged more people to come to the protest at the Waterfront and the Old Court House compound.
"We expect 1,000 to turn up at the sit-in protest," she said.
She said the democratic-minded people who want fair and clean election have every right to voice their concern at the electoral rolls.
She said it is a sham efforts to set up the Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) to get the feedback from the people on electoral reforms when the electoral rolls are tainted with dubious and suspicious voters.
Voon said out of the 22 proposals submitted by PSC for approval by Parliament last week, the Election Commission has failed to live up to its promise.
"The EC recommended five out of the 22 proposals to be implemented for the upcoming general election.
"The five are: (a) tempat mengundi changed to pusat mengundi, (b) membuang undi changed to mengundi, (c) political parties barred from setting up canopies near the polling centres, (d) the schedules of the polling agents and counting agents to be decided by presiding officers of the polling centres, and that the political parties need to submit the names of the polling agents and counting agents, and (e) agents of political parties are not allowed to sit or be near to the commission desk at the polling centres," Voon said.
As to the barring of political parties from setting up canopies near the polling centres and stations, Voon said the Opposition objected strongly to this ruling.
"After some argument, the commission relented but the canopies must be 100 metres away from the polling centres," she said.
Voon said the five proposals to be implemented by the commission for the upcoming elections have nothing to do with electoral reforms or clean electoral rolls.
"We are very disappointed with the commission and it is very clear that the whole exercise about pushing for electoral reforms by the commission or the BN government had deviated from the demands made by Bersih 2.0 in 2011," she said.
Voon said nothing was done to clean the electoral rolls and in fact, she observed that more had been done to add to the numbers of dubious voters and postal votes.
"For example, there are more than 240,000 postal voters created by the commission classified as the so-called volunteers of SPR.
"These numbers far exceeded the numbers of the existng postal voters from the army, and that the commission is very firm about having these 240,000 volunteers," she said.
"From the staitistics obtained from the past elections, up to 90 per cent of the ballots cast through the postal voting system were grossly in favour of the BN," she said.
Voon said that the Opposition also questioned the presence of about 400,000 dubious voters in the electoral rolls.
"These 400,000 voters, in our belief, are enough to swing 35 federal seats in favour of the Barisan Nasional," she pointed out.
Voon said the irony was that over one million Malaysians residing overseas are denied their democratic and constitutional rights to vote by the commission.
"PKR Women Wing, therefore, calls on all registered voters to come out in full force to cast their votes in the upcoming election," she said.
She said the Opposition needed al the votes if there is going to be a change in the government. By Sematong Express.
Saturday, 21 April 2012
Respect our rights, Penans appeal to Sarawak Energy Berhad boss
Penan ask Norwegian manager to respect their rights
(SARAWAK, MALAYSIA) The six Penan communities of Long Lutin, Long Pakan, Long Lilim, Ba Abang, Long Kawi and Long Item have sent letters to Torstein Dale Sjotveit, CEO of Sarawak Energy (SEB), the Malaysian power supplier in charge of the implementation of Sarawak’s dam projects, demanding that a stop be put to all further work on the proposed Baram mega-dam.
The people are against Torstein Dale Sjotveit’s plans for the dam, since the 1,200 MW Baram dam would flood their ancestral lands and villages, affecting a total of 20,000 natives and a rainforest area of over 400 km2.
“My husband, my children and my brothers and sisters, we will not survive if they build the Baram dam. It is better to kill us with a knife right away than to build the dam”, whispers an old woman at Long Lilim in despair.
Another villager asks: “They tell us that the dam will bring development. But how can drowning us be development?”
Torstein Dale Sjotveit is going ahead with his dam projects despite these concerns.
He seems to be prepared to violate international social and environmental standards: forcing such mega-projects through without the agreement of the affected communities runs counter to standards like the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Equator Principles, which Torstein Dale Sjotveit himself claims to comply with.
The Penan communities of Middle Baram have never been given any information about the plan to flood their lands and displace those living there, and have certainly never been consulted on the matter.
If they had had the chance to participate, Torstein Dale Sjotveit would be aware of the fact that the Penan want genuine development and not dams, as the headman of Long Pakan states:
“If they want to develop us, they should build a proper road for us, clinics and schools, this is what we want. We don’t want to be flooded.”
Ends
Friday, 20 April 2012
The Sarawak government will be held responsible for any conflict between the people of the three villages, warns DAP leader
Kuching, April 20, 2012: DAP Serian branch chairman Edward Andrew Luak today warned the government that it would be held responsible for any conflict that would arise between the people of Kampung Nangka and Kampung Entingan against the people of Kampung Pingang in Samarahan Division.
The villagers of Kampung Nangka and Kampung Entingan have accused the government of giving away their native customary rights (NCR) land to the people of Kampung Pinang.
Through a gazette notification "Swak. L. N. 49" published in the Sarawak Government Gazette Part 11 dated April 7, 2011, the NCR lands belonging to the two vllages have been declared as the Native Communal Reserve for the exclusive use by the Malay community of Kampung Pinang, Samarahan, for agriculture purposes.
The notification was signed by Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Planning and Resource Mamagement Datu Wan Alwi Dato Sri Wan Hashim on March 26, 2011.
The villagers from the two Iban kampungs are giving the government a month, from today, to degazette the notice, failing which, they will hold a demonstration in front of the Lands and Survey Department headquarters.
"They are prepared to give this extention of one month to the government to rectify the wrong they have made," Edward said in a press conference at the DAP headquarters here.
He said taking legal action against the government would be a last resort.
He said they had, on Jan 20, 2011, submitted a memorandum to the Superintendent of Land and Survey Department, Kota Samarahan, objecting the notification on NCR land described as Lot 2152 in Block 5 in the Samarahan Land District containing 242.6ha or 599 acress.
Copies of the memorandum were sent to two relevant state ministers and six other relevant government agencies.
Edward said a police report had also been lodged on the matter.
He said that the notification only came to light on Jan 4, 2012 when a villager from Kampung Nangka, Merine anak Sakking, went to the Lands and Surveys office in Kota Samarahan to check the status of his land.
"He was shocked to learn that his land which he has planted with oil palm was within Lot 2152 which was gazetted as Communal Reserve for the Malay community of Kampung Pinang.
"What was even more shocking was that hundreds of acres of NCR land of the Iban community of Kampung Entingan and Kampung Nangka were within Lot 2152," he said.
He said the villagers had claimed their the land belonged to them under NCR tenure as their forefathers and ancestors had cultivated the land for almost a century.
"Moreover, their land boundary with the Malay as well as with the Bidayuh communities were well defined and was of common knowledge to all communities for decades," Edward said.
He said the Iban, Malay and Bidayuh communities had lived as friendly neighbours in the vicinity with honour and respect as their core principles of co-existence.
He said the people of Kampung Entingan and Kampung Nangka were totally in the dark about any perimeter survey exercise being conducted and they were never consulted regarding their land boundary.
"They were unaware of any notice on the intention to declare their land as Communal Reserve," he said.
He said the villagers had suspected that the Land and Survey Department had overlooked the need to inform the people of the survey exercise.
"It failed to take into account that the land was NCR land of the Iban community. Serious mistake on the part of the government agency could breed serious conflict among the various ethnic groups.
"The DAP sees this slip in administrative procedure as a serious matter that need to be resolved urgently. Land is so dear to the people who own it. In most cases, especially NCR land, it is the source of their livelihood," he said.
He said he was surprised that the government and its agtencies seemed to take the matter lightly and to take no action whatsover.
"The attitude and inaction of the government agencies go to show that the slogan "Rakyat didahulukan, Pencapaian diutamakan" remains merely a slogan. - By Sematong Express.
Wednesday, 18 April 2012
I would have failed Masing, says university don
Kuching, April 18, 2012: A political scientist with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (Unimas) Associate Professor Dr Andrew Aeria said he would give a fail to Sarawak Land Development Tan Sri Dr James Masing for claiming that ordinary people are subservient to the elected representatives in a democracy.
“If he is in my class and if he gives me the same answer, I will give him 10 points and he will fail,” Aeria said at a public forum here last Sunday.
Masing, who is also Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) president, had said that the elected representatives were the “towkays” or the bosses and that the people are subservient to them.
He made the remark when defending PRS Youth chief and Assistant Minister of Agriculture Datuk Mong Dagang in cancelling a welfare aid and agriculture subsidies to disabled man, Frusis Lebi.
Masing was said to have told Frusis to “Follow the rule – Jangan Lawan Towkay”.
Frusis had lodged a police report last month against Mong for ordering the cancellation of a welfare aid and agriculture subsidies.
Frusis, who was born with deformed hands and feet, had been receiving the welfare aid since 1982 and the agriculture susbsidies since five years ago.
Mong wrote a letter to the Welfare Department and the Agriculture Department to stop the aid and subsidies on allegations Frusis had supported an opposition in the April 16, 2011 state election.
The public forum, attended by over 100 people, entitled “Who’s the boss?” was to get the opinions from the public on Masing’s remarks.
Apart from Aeria, the other panel speakers were Independent State Assemblyman for Pelagus, George Lagong and PKR State Assemblyman for Batu Lintang, See Chee How.
Masing was invited to come and speak at the forum, but he declined.
Aeria said he was surprised at Masing’s remark which was widely published in the local newspapers.
“I was surprised because the cancellation of welfare aid and agriculture subsidies was in violation of the Malaysian constitution and against the UN Charter on Human Rights.,” he added.
He said he was disappointed with Masing for rejecting the invitation to come to the forum.
“It will be good if he has come because it will enable him to explain his position with regard to who is the boss in a democratic country,” he said. By Sematong Express
Sunday, 15 April 2012
Say sorry, Lagong tells James Masing
Kuching, April 15, 2012: An Independent State Assemblyman for Pelagus, George Lagong, has asked Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) president Tan Sri Dr James Masing to repent and make amends of the wrong he has made regarding the people-wakil rakyat relationship.
"I know that "sorry" is a difficult thing to say, but as a leader, he must be mindful of the need to act humbly," he said at a public forum on "who is the boss?" here today.
Lagong said an elected assemblyman is a servant-leader.
"He does not walk alone. He must walk with the people, like what Prophet Moses did...when he walked with the Israeli people and led them out of slavery through the desert to the promised land," he said.
He said "Jangan Lawan Towkay" uttered by Masing is an arrogant statement that must certainly come from an equally arrogant man.
'Whether it is in politics or business, such a condenscending and bully attitude has no place, unless, of course, you are alone in your own world and choose to run your own affairs without the help of others," Lagong said.
He asked what does it mean in a democracy when elected representative decides to turn his back on the people and behaves in a manner that shows little regard to them?
"Simply put, it is as if he has hijacked power from the people who have elected him and chooses to exercise that power uniliterally without respecting the views and wishes of the people," he said.
He said in addressing the "Jangan Lawan Towkay" issue, the people must go back to the basics of democracy and the process of elected representation to establish their supremacy and power before they get confused.
Lagong said the first rule of democracy is that the people are the bosses and this is central to the very philosophy and the principle of democractic governance.
"Although democracy through the democratic electoral process, which provides for certain preferred candidates from among many to be voted in to positions of power, the principle of people-as-boss should always retain its authority and primacy over governance.
"Having power for the people indicates that the people have an actual say in what the government is doing, and that the government, being of the people, by the people, for the people, responds to the wishes - and hopefully educated wishes - of the populace," Lagong said.
Unfortunately, he said, many elected representatives who claim to understand democracy either fail to understand or deliberately ignore this very sacred tenet of democratic governance.
Lagong rebuked Masing for saying that the Malaysian people were the boss for a day - on polling day - while the elected officials, who derive the power from the people, be the boss for five years.
'That makes the people-as-boss principle of democracy rather shaky, even farcical," he said, adding that this principle is scantily understood by the people, especially those from the lower income group and those with poor knowledge and understanding of politics and governnance, and often abused by some elected representatives.
Lagong said the recent simple cursory remark - Jangan Lawan Towkay - made by Masing points to one sad phenomenon that the power of the people is being encroached and eroded by the very same people who is elected to protect and safeguard their interest.
"Time for us to wake up the rakyat, especially those in the rural areas, to their democratic consciousness and let them know their rights and civil liberties as provided for under the Malaysian Constitution and the United Nations Charter on Human Rights," Lagong said.
"If they remain passive and ignorant, they will continue to be bullied by some irresponsible elected representatives. But if the people put their act together and reaffirm their supremacy of power, the bully and arrogance of some elected representatives will soon stop," he said. By Sematong Express.
Coalition of NGOs to hold sit-in rally in Miri on April 28
Miri, April 15, 2012: A coalition of eight social and environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) will hold a sit in rally in support of the Coalition for Free and Fair Elections (Bersih 3.0) and the environmental movement Himpunan Hijau 3.0 on April 28.
The rally will be held at the parking lot front of the Miri Resident/District Office, starting from 2 - 4 pm.
The Miri Bersih 3.0 Committee was formed to coordinate activities in conjunction with the massive rally being held in Kuala Lumpur on the same day by the national Bersih 3.0 body as well as Himpunan Hijau 3.0.
The Miri Bersih 3.0 Committee is inviting members of the public who are concerned about the electoral process in this country and also the state of the environment particularly in Miri Division, Sarawak to join the sit in rally which is also being held simultaneously throughout the nation by Bersih 3.0 and Himpunan Hijau 3.0.
The Miri Bersih 3.0 Committee is coordinating with the national body in Kuala Lumpur to bring the message to the people in Miri that the government needs to listen to the grouses of the people and meet the 8 demands being put forward by Bersih on electoral reforms and good governance.
The committee will also put forward issues of concern to the Government especially the State Government with regards to the planned 12 dams, industrial or plantation activities within water catchment areas, native customary rights land and dirty heavy industries within the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) project.
Flyers will be distributed to the public prior to the event.
The NGOs are Borneo Resources Institute, Malaysia (BRIMAS), Jaringan Tanah Hak Adat Bangsa Asal Sarawak (TAHABAS), Indigenous Peoples Institute, Malaysia (IPIMAS), Persatuan Wanita Desa Sarawak (WADESA), Anak Muda Sarawak (AMS), Save Sarawak’s Rivers Network (SAVE Rivers), Baram Protection Action Committee (BPAC) and Sarawak Indigenous Lawyers Alliance (SILA).
Friday, 13 April 2012
PKR Wanita dares Ngemah assemblyman to come to the forum
Kuching, April 13, 2012: PKR Wanita vice head Voon Shiak Ni has challenged Ngemah State Assemblyman Alexander Vincent to attend and speak at a public forum this coming Sunday.
"Since he has jumped to the defence of Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) president Tan Sri Dr James Masing, we dare him to come and speak at the Who's The Boss forum," she said today.
The fourm, to be held at the Grand Continental Hotel on April 15 starting at 2.30pm, is prompted by a statement made by Masing telling the people that elected representatives were their bosses.
Masing made the statement when defending PRS Youth chief and Assistant Minister of Modernisation of Agriculture Datuk Mong Dagang for ordering the Agriculture Department and the Welfare Department to withdraw assistance to disabled person Frusis Lebi for supporting an Opposition in the April 16, 2011 state election.
Masing told the people "Jangan Lawan Towkay", referring to the elected representatives.
Reacting to Alexander's defence of Masing, Voon said Alexander was trying to say that the phrase "Jangan Lawan Towkay" was taken literally and out of context by the Opposition for publicity which he claimed simply meant "don't bite the hands that feed you".
"Our question is what difference does that make?" she asked.
She stressed that whatever is given in the form of subsidies and financial assistance is the taxpayers' money.
Voon said it is the people who pay for the salaries and allowances of the elected representatives.
She said Alexander should not try to mislead the people that the money given belongs to the elected representatives and the BN government.
"But in democracy we believe in the right to be heard and to be given a chance to explain and to justify the voters of Sarawak, and we do not mind Masing sending his wakil, Alexander, to the forum," Voon said.
She said the speakers at the forum will be a political scientist with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Professor Dr Andrew Aeria, Pelagus State Assemblyman George Lagong and Batu Lintang State Assemblyman See Chee How.
A senior lawyer and a human rights activist Ann Teo Chiang Joo will be the facilitator.
In conjunction with the forum, PKR Stampin branch will exhibit half yearly record of work and activities in Batu Lintang constituency of See and his personal assistants.
"The exhibition of work and activities is our commitment to the voters, who are our bosses," Voon said. By Sematong Express
Illogical to give laptops to the illiterate elderly, says Baru Bian
Kuching, April 13, 2012: Sarawak PKR chief Baru Bian has described as illogical the distribution of 1Malaysia free laptops to illiterate grandfathers and grandmothers in rural Sarawak.
"What's the big idea of distributing the laptops when you know that they do not know how to use computers?" he asked at a press conference today.
"And the areas where these laptops are distributed do not have electricity and where there are no WiFI or Internet facilities available," the Ba'Kelalan state assemblyman said.
Baru said he had come across of instances where the laptops were given to the elderly, many of whom were illiterate and the majority of whom had no understanding at all of modern technology.
"It is a certainty that these people are going to sell the laptops or to let them gather dust in a corner of the room. At best, they will occupy a position of pride in the room, but will still be unutilised.
"So, what is the logic of giving laptops to old folk who do not know how to use them?" he asked.
"I have also been informed that a Tuai Rumah (village headman) would bring along his 1Malaysia laptop in his bag whenever he went for official meetings or attended government functions.
"When people asked him whether he knew how to open it, he just shook his head, and he would say "just to show that I have the laptop".
"This is a shocking revelation," Baru said of the Tuai Rumah given the laptop.
He said 1,800 laptops were distributed by Second Minister of Resource Planning and Environment Datuk AmarAwang Tengah Ali Hasan in Ba'Kelalan recently, and most of the recipients were illiterate elderly.
"And mind you, they come from areas where there are no electricity and where there are no Internet facilities available," he said.
Baru said he had been reliably informed that the list of recipients of the laptops was screened by the Barisan Nasional party leaders, the only criteria being support for the BN component parties.
"Whether these people are actually in need of the laptops and will benefit from having one has no bearing on the fateful tick or cancellation on the list.
"And among the recipients were a BN councillor, his wife and two children, each of them was given one. This is an example of abuse of power because each family is supposed to receive one, but the family of this particular councillor received four," Baru said.
He said the eligible family must also have a monthly income of not more than RM3,000 and must subscribe to broadband service with a minimum package of RM25 per month from any telecommunication company.
"Does anyone make the necessary inquiries as to the household income, availability of broadband service and electricity, and most importantly, whether the laptop is going to improve the lives of the recipients, and I don't mean in monetary terms by selling off the laptops.
"Over 500,000 people do not have access to electricity, let alone broadband. So, where is the accountability of those who are entrusted with the distribution of the laptops? he asked.
Baru said the distribution should be based on the need and affordability of the laptops for the population as a whole, especially on the lower income group, and not according to the population in each parliamentary constituencies.
"The inescapable conclusion is that 1Malaysia laptop giveaway is yet another example of shocking waste of the taxpayers' money by the BN government desperate to cover all bases in their vote-buying spree.
"It is a major concern for the Opposition parties that the BN government's wild spending of the taxpayers' money will have serious repercussions on the economy, which we will be left to deal when we, the Opposition, take over the government of this country.
"Of even graver concern is that our children and grandchildren will have to pay for the recklessness and irresponsibility of the BN government," Baru said.
"The real winners in this 1Malaysia laptop scam are the suppliers and the companies involved in the distribution of the computers," he said, adding that it is up to the people to make up their own conclusion as to owners of the companies. By Sematong Express.
Thursday, 5 April 2012
Tuai Rumah Eri anak Ajok wins his court case against the Sarawak Government
Kuching, April 5, 2012: The High Court here has ruled that Eri anak Ajok was irrationally sacked as the village headman of Kampung Emplas in Simunjan district by the state government last year.
The judge Datuk Rhodzariah Bujang made the ruling today after hearing an application for the judicial review of Eri’s termination as the tuai rumah or village headman.
Eri, who was elected the Tuai Rumah in 1961, named the Simunjan district officer as the first respondent, the director of the Human Resources Division in the Chief Minister’s Department as the second respondent and the Resident of Samarahan Division as the third respondent in his application for the judicial review.
In her ruling, the judge said the termination was irrationally made through a letter signed by the director of the Human Resources Division.
“The reason for saying this is that. The applicant was only informed of the termination 2 ½ months after it took effect and he was paid the honorarium 4 ½ months later.
“With respect to the respondents and fully acknowledging that they are vested with a complete discretion on who to appoint as Tuai Rumah, the inordinate delay in conveying the decision on the termination is in complete defiance of reason and logic,” she said, adding that the late communication of the termination has satisfied the criteria of irrationality.
The judge said the decision to terminate, even if the option of payment of the honorarium was chosen, must logically and of necessity be communicated to a Tuai Rumah before the effective date of termination or at the very least, on the very day of the termination itself and ideally, the honorarium be paid at the same time as when the decision is communicated.
“With respect to the respondents, I am compelled to ask this pertinent question: What is the use and where lies the logic of telling a man that he is no longer the anointed leader long after his appointment has been revoked?
“It is not only unfair to the applicant but to the community he serves for there are ramifications following such a delay.
“A Tuai Rumah in that same position the applicant would and could have happily performed his official duties as Tuai Rumah such as the common act of certifying or verifying documents for his people when in fact he was no longer holding the post as one.
“In that circumstance, the certification or verification would be rendered invalid and may even have legal repercussions, to the owner of the documents.
“Therefore, the act of notifying him of the termination only so many months after the effective date, even if one were to excuse the delay in payment of the honorarium, has rendered the termination bad in law and the letter of termination null and void.
“The decision to terminate him ought to be quashed,” she said.
In allowing the application for the judicial review, the judge ordered that the applicant be paid arrears from April 2011 until to date, but minus the one month honorarium which had been paid to him following the void termination letter.
Rohdzariah also ordered the respondents to pay RM3,000 as the cost of the summons in chambers and RM7,000 for the application.
The judge, however, ruled that the Circular Memorandum, dated Oct 2, 1980, regulating the terms and conditions of appointment of a Ketua Kaum as valid.
“Firstly, it is stated in the Circular at clause 6.1 thereof that a Ketua Kaum is not a government officer.
“It is then provided in the Circular that the power of appointment lies with the State Secretary who may delegate his authority to the Resident of each Division in the State and in respect of termination or revocation of the same, the applicable provision is Clause 3.4 thereof which states as follows:
“The appointment in the Ketua Kaum Service is made at the pleasure of the Government and may be determined by either side on giving one month’s notice or in lieu of notice to pay an equivalent of one month’s honorarium.”
“This Circular therefore proves that the applicant’s appointment as a Tuai Rumah is contractual and it being clearly stated to be at the pleasure of the State Government, means that the appointment is at the sole discretion of the appointing authority.
“Though it cannot be denied that in the days of old, prior to this Circular, a Tuai Rumah was appointed by way of ‘adat’ or tradition based on the support the appointee enjoyed from the majority of the households in the longhouse, such consideration is no longer the determinating factor in the post Circular period.
“And in this case, the applicant cannot argue that the Circular does not apply to him because he was formally appointed after it came into effect and his appointment, prior to the termination, was made under it.
“The terms and conditions therefore bind him and the prerogative of the appointment lies solely with the State Government.
“Thus, even though there is probability to the applicant’s assertion that he still enjoys the support and confidence of the majority of the households in his longhouse, sadly for him this is not a ground for him to continue to cling on to his post as Tuai Rumah,” she said.
“Since the applicant held the office of Tuai Rumah at the pleasure of the State Government, the grounds for terminating his appointment is not open for examination by me,” the judge said.
Eri was represented by See Chee How of Baru Bian Advocates & Solicitors, while the three respondents were represented by the State Legal Counsel Saferi Ali of the State Attorney-General’s Chambers.
Ends
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